Study Sheet for Test Four

Chapter 13: Constitutional Freedoms

Section 1: Constitutional Rights

Constitutional Rights

    Selective Incorporation

    The Fourteenth Amendment

        Gitlow v. New York (1925)

        Importance of Incorporation

Section 2: Freedom of Religion

The Establishment Clause

    Religion in Public Life

    Everson v. BOE (1947)

    State Aid to Parochial Schools

        BOE v. Allen (1968)

        Three provisos for State Aid to Religious Institutions--the Lemon Test in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

        Meek v. Pittinger (1975)

        Wolman v. Walter (1977)

    Release Time

    Engel v. Vitale (1962)

    Other School Prayer Cases

        Abington School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett

        Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)

    The Equal Access Act

    Evolution and Creation

        Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)

        Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)

    Other Establishment Issues

        Nativity Scenes (Lynch and Pittsburg cases)

        Prayers in Legislatures (Marsh)

The Free Exercise Clause

    Limitations on Religion

        Reynolds v. US (1879)

        Jacobsen v. Massachusetts (1905)

        Oregon v. Smith (1990)

        Religious Freedom Restoration Act and City of Boerne

        But religion upheld in Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Section 3: Freedom of Speech

Types of Speech

    Pure Speech

    Symbolic Speech

    United States v. O'Brien (1968)

Regulating Speech

    Clear and Present Danger Doctrine

        Schenck v. US (1919)

    The Bad Tendency Doctrine

        Gitlow v. NY (1925) à also selectively incorporates free speech to the states.

        Whitney v. CA (1927)

    The Preferred Position Doctrine

    Sedition Laws

        Dennis, Yates, and Brandenburg Decisions

Other Unprotected Speech

    Defamatory Speech

        Slander, libel

        Public Officials (Hustler Magazine)

    "Fighting Words"

        Chaplinsky v. NH (1942)

    Student Speech

        Tinker, Bethel and Hazelwood Decisions

        Also Dean v. Utica (2004)

Section 4: Freedom of the Press

Prior Restrain Forbidden

    Near v. Minnesota

    The Pentagon Papers

        New York Times Company v. US (1971)

Free Press and Fair Trials

    Pretrial and Courtroom Publicity

        Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966)

    Unconstitutionality of Gag Orders

    Exclusion from Court

    Protecting Sources

        Shield Laws

Free Press Issues

    The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

    Motion Pictures

    E-Mail and the Internet

    Obscenity

    Advertising

Section 5: Freedom of Assembly

Protecting Freedom of Assembly

    DeJonge v. Oregon (1937)

    Assembly on Public Property

    Limits on Parades and Demonstration

        Cox v. NH (1941)

        Adderly v. Florida (1966)

        Cox v. Louisiana (1965)

        Grayned v. City of Rockford (1972)

        Police Department of Chicago v. Mosley (1972)

    Assembly and Property Rights

        Lloyd Corporation v. Tanner (1972)

Public Assembly and Disorder

    Nazis in Skokie

        "The Heckler's Veto"

    Irving Feiner

        Feiner v. NY (1951)

    Protection of Peaceful Demonstrations

        Gregory v. Chicago (1969)

Freedom of Association

    Whitney v. California (1927)

Don't worry about picketing law

Chapter 14: Citizenship and Equal Justice

Section 1: A Nation of Immigrants

Immigrants and Aliens

    Classifying Aliens

        Resident Aliens

        Enemy Aliens

        Refugees

        Illegal Aliens

    Aliens' Rights

Immigration Policy

    1882-1924: The Growth of Restrictions

    1924-1965: National Origins Quotas

    Immigration Policy 1965-1990

Recent Changes in Immigration

    Changes in Origin

    Education and Skills

    Special Immigrants

        Private Laws

Section 2: The Basis for United States Citizenship

National Citizenship

    The Dred Scott Case

    The 14th Amendment

Citizenship by Birth

    Jus Soli

    Jus Sanguinis

Citizenship by Nationalization

    Qualifications for Citizenship

Steps to Citizenship

    Exceptions

Losing Citizenship

    Expatriation

    Punishment for a Crime

    Denaturalization

Responsibilities of Citizens

    Knowing about Rights and Laws

    Participation

    Voting

Section 3: The Rights of the Accused

Searches and Seizures (Fourth Amendment)

    Payton v. NY (1980)

    Special Situations

    The Exclusionary Rule

        Weeks v. United States (1914)

        Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

    Relaxing the Exclusionary Rule

        US v. Leon (1984)

        Nix v. Williams (1984)

    Fourth Amendment in High Schools

        New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

        Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton (1995)

    Wiretapping and Electronic Eavesdropping

        Olmstead v. US (1928)

        Katz v. US (1967)

    Congress and Wiretaps

        The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (1968)

        The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978)

Guarantee of Counsel

    Early Rulings

        Powell v. Alabama (1932)

        Betts v. Brady (1942)

    Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Self-Incrimination (Fifth Amendment)

    Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)

    Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

    Limits on Miranda: (Elstad, Braswell and Fulminante)

Double Jeopardy

    US v. Halper (1989)

Cruel and Unusual Punishment

    Furman v. Georgia (1972)

    Woodson v. North Carolina (1976)

    Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

Section 4: Equal Protection of the Law

Meaning of Equal Protection

    The Rational Basis Test

        Wisconsin v. Mitchell (1993)

    Suspect Classifications

        "Strict Judicial Scrutiny"

    Fundamental Rights

Proving Intent to Discriminate

    Showing Intent to Discriminate

        Washington v. Davis (1976)

The Struggle for Equal Rights

    Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

    Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)

New Civil Rights Laws

    The Civil Rights Act of 1964

Section 5: New Challenges for Civil Liberties

Affirmative Action

    Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

    Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)

Discrimination Against Women

    The Supreme Court's Position

    Reed v. Reed (1971)

    Reasonableness Standard

    Congressional Action

        The Civil Rights Act of 1964

        The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1974

Citizens' Right to Know

    The Freedom of Information Act

    The Sunshine Act

Citizens' Right to Privacy

    Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

        "penumbras and emanations"

    Internet Issues

    The USA PATRIOT Act

Chapter 15: Law In America

Section 1: Sources of American Law

Early Systems of Law

    Code of Hammurabi

    The Ten Commandments

Our Legal Heritage

    Constitutional Law

    Statutory Law

        Code Law Systems

    Administrative Law

    Common Law

    Common Law in America

    Equity

Legal System Principles

    Equal Justice Under the Law

    Due Process

        Substantive

        Procedural

    The Adversary System

    Presumption of Innocence

Section 2: Civil Law

Types of Civil Law

    Contracts

        Implied and Expressed

    Property Law

        Real and Personal

    Family Law

    Torts

Steps in a Civil Case

    Hiring a Lawyer

    Filing the Complaint

        Summons

        Answer

    Pretrial Discovery

    Resolution Without Trial

        Mediation

    Trial

    The Award

Section 3: Criminal Law

Types of Crime

    Petty Offenses (Violations)

    Misdemeanors

    Felonies

Steps in Criminal Cases

    Investigation and Arrest

    Initial Appearance

    Preliminary Hearing or Grand Jury

        Indictment

        An Information

    Plea Bargaining

    Arraignment and Pleas

    (1) Not Guilty, (2) Not Guilty By Reason of Insanity, (3) Guilty, (4) nolo contendere

    The Trial

    The Decision

        Verdict

    Sentencing

Also:

Please know all Economist articles and other readings assigned since the last test.  Good luck!